3D printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation. Propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3D-printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study. It was shown that those 3D-printed beads were capable of promoting high density cell attachment and propionic acid production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses.[159]
In 2005, academic journals had begun to report on the possible artistic applications of 3D printing technology.[160] As of 2017, domestic 3D printing was reaching a consumer audience beyond hobbyists and enthusiasts. Off the shelf machines were increasingly capable of producing practical household applications, for example, ornamental objects. Some practical examples include a working clock[161] and gears printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes.[162] Web sites associated with home 3D printing tended to include backscratchers, coat hooks, door knobs, etc.[163]
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